The length of a person's life depends on genetics, environment and lifestyle. Not much is known about how genes influence longevity. Life expectancy is a statistical measure of the average time a person is expected to live, based on the year of their birth, current age, and other demographic factors, including their gender. It is used to evaluate and establish a series of important policies that have an impact on daily life, for example, setting the state retirement age and focusing health policy initiatives. This review focuses on the determinants of longevity in the industrialized world, with an emphasis on the results of recently established databases.
Strong evidence is now available to show that in developed countries, maximum life expectancy and average life expectancy have increased considerably over the past century. There is no evidence of a genetically determined life expectancy of about 85 years. On the contrary, the greatest absolute improvement in survival in recent decades has occurred among people over 80 years of age. About a quarter of the variation in life expectancy in developed countries can be attributed to genetic factors.
The influence of genetic and environmental factors on longevity can be potentially modified through medical treatment, behavioral changes and environmental improvements. Detailed guidelines, regulations and standards While the life expectancy of a cohort represents the number of years a person is expected to live, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) describes the HLE as an estimate of the entire life they have spent in “very good” or “good” health, based on the way in which people perceive their general health status. The HLE is more difficult to calculate than life expectancy, since the data is not as easily available. The life expectancy of a particular population is generally calculated using actual death data in conjunction with census totals or other population totals.
The ONS estimates the HLE using annual population surveys and census data. The surveys only analyze a sample of the population and the data are based on self-information about how a person perceives their general health status. This makes HLE numbers more open to subjectivity and potentially inconsistent. between the different sources.
HLE is linked to life expectancy and it is to be expected that, as life expectancy increases, so will HLE. However, it is not always the case that both measures change in the same proportions. The term life expectancy refers to the number of years a person can expect to live. By definition, life expectancy is based on an estimate of the average age that members of a particular population group will be when they die. The main predictors of longevity that appear in the regression tree include SSR, demanding functioning, years of education, and a history of smoking.
Other predictive factors identified were the decrease in ADL, the amount of medication, difficulty sleeping, and unwillingness to do things. The interrelationship between these characteristics and their combined impact on longevity was identified with different pathways. However, we recognize that the study also has some limitations. First, algorithmic regression trees are easily interpretable, but they suffer from instability from one analysis to the next.
This instability may represent the effect of a correlation and, although the tree may look different, the same underlying characteristics still exist. That said, altering the default values for leaf size, tree depth, or minimum variance (such as sensitivity analysis) did not substantially modify the resulting tree from our study. As a second consideration, we only had two measurement points at the age of ten of difference. Especially in the elderly population, health can deteriorate rapidly.
Therefore, the ten-year interval is not optimal for capturing the changes that are taking place. In addition, due to the mortality of the participants, the second measurement point included a smaller study population, which may have influenced the conclusion that the regression tree was based primarily on baseline characteristics.
